Electromagnetic Field Theory
The developed electromagnetic force and or torque in electromechanical energy conversion system act in a direction that tends

 to increase the stored energy at constant flux.
 to decrease the co-energy at constant mmf.
 to decrease the stored energy at constant flux.
 to decrease the stored energy at constant mmf.

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Electromagnetic Field Theory
Gradient of scalar field is expressed as

 Circulation of a vector field per unit area as the area tends to zero.
 Gradient of divergence of a vector field minus the curl of the vector field.
 Outward flux of a vector field per unit volume as the volume about the point tends to zero.
 Maximum rate of increase of scalar function at a point.

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