Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the overall heat transfer co-efficient is proportional to the tube side (volumetric flow rate)0.8. This is valid, only when the ratio of the tube side film resistance to the total resistance is almost equal to

1
2
20.8

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing
Both B and C
By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds
From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded

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