Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the overall heat transfer co-efficient is proportional to the tube side (volumetric flow rate)0.8. This is valid, only when the ratio of the tube side film resistance to the total resistance is almost equal to

2
20.8
1

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
When one of the fluids is highly corrosive and has fouling tendency, it should

Preferably flow inside the tube for its easier internal cleaning
Flow at a very slow velocity
Flow outside the tube, when the flow is counter-current and inside the tube when the flow is co-current
Perferably flow outside the tube

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated
Feed is not at its bubble point
Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small
Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)

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