Electrical Machines
In a dc machine, the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction is due to

 uneven air-gap length
 component of armature mmf along field axis
 magnetic saturation in half of the field pole
 non-sinusoidal nature of armature mmf

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Electrical Machines
No load primary current in a transformer

 leads the applied voltage by exactly 90Â&
 lags behind applied voltage somewhat less than 90Ã
 leads the applied voltage somewhat less than 90Ã&
 lags behind applied voltage by exactly 90Â&am

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