Electrical Machines
In a dc machine, the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction is due to

 magnetic saturation in half of the field pole
 uneven air-gap length
 non-sinusoidal nature of armature mmf
 component of armature mmf along field axis

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Electrical Machines
The synchronous reactance( Xs) is the

 combined reactance due to armature reaction and leakage flux
 reactance either due to armature reaction or leakage flux
 reactance due to armature reaction of the machine
 reactance due to leakage flux

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