Electrical Machines
In a DC generator sparking between brushes and commutator surface may be due to

  too rapid reversal of current.
  under commutation.
 over commutation.
  any of the above.

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Electrical Machines
An inverted V curve of synchronous motor shows variation of

 supply voltage and excitation current at constant load.
 supply voltage and field current at constant excitation.
 power factor and supply voltage during hunting.
  power factor and DC excitation at constant load.

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