Electrical Machines
In a DC generator sparking between brushes and commutator surface may be due to

 over commutation.
  too rapid reversal of current.
  any of the above.
  under commutation.

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Electrical Machines
No load primary current in a transformer

 leads the applied voltage somewhat less than 90Ã&
 leads the applied voltage by exactly 90Â&
 lags behind applied voltage somewhat less than 90Ã
 lags behind applied voltage by exactly 90Â&am

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