Electrical Machines
In a DC generator sparking between brushes and commutator surface may be due to

  any of the above.
  under commutation.
  too rapid reversal of current.
 over commutation.

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Electrical Machines
In a DC machine, for the same value of φ, Z and N; which one of the following statements is correct?

 Armature emf is same as long as the flux density in the air gap remains the same.
 Armature emf is less with wave winding than with lap winding.
  Armature emf is more with wave winding than with lap winding.
 Armature emf depends on weather the machine is running as a motor or generator.

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