Engineering Economics
In a cash flow series:

Either an increase or decrease in the amount of a cash flow is called the gradient
The gradient in the cash flow may be positive or negative
All of these
Uniform gradient signifies that an income or disbursement changes by the same amount in each interest period

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Engineering Economics
Perfect monopoly exists only if:

the single vendor is the only one who has the knowledge of the product
the single vendor can prevent the entry of all other vendors in the market
the single vendor is the only one who has the permit to sell
the single vendor gets the absolute franchise of the product

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