Surveying
If θ and δ be the latitude of an observer and declination of a heavenly body respectively, the upper culmination of the body will be south of zenith if its zenith distance, is

δ - θ
θ + δ
θ - δ
½ (θ - δ)

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Surveying
The cross hairs in the surveying telescope are placed

midway between eye piece and objec-tive lens
much closer to the eye-piece than to the objective lens
much closer to the objective lens than to the eye piece
anywhere between eye-piece and objective lens

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