Surveying
If θ and δ be the latitude of an observer and declination of a heavenly body respectively, the upper culmination of the body will be south of zenith if its zenith distance, is

δ - θ
θ + δ
θ - δ
½ (θ - δ)

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Surveying
Transit rule of adjusting the consecutive coordinates of a traverse is used where

linear and angular measurements of the traverse are of equal accuracy
angular measurements are more accurate than linear measurements
linear measurements are more accurate than angular measurements
All of these

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Surveying
Normal tension is that pull which

makes the correction due to sag equal to zero
neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag
is used at the time of standardising the tape
makes the correction due to pull equal to zero

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