Surveying
If θ and δ be the latitude of an observer and declination of a heavenly body respectively, the upper culmination of the body will be south of zenith if its zenith distance, is

½ (θ - δ)
δ - θ
θ - δ
θ + δ

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Surveying
Homologous points are

Plumb points of stereo pair of photographs
Nodal points of the camera lens
Corresponding points on the ground and photograph
Opposite corners of a photograph

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