Surveying
If θ and δ be the latitude of an observer and declination of a heavenly body respectively, the upper culmination of the body will be south of zenith if its zenith distance, is

½ (θ - δ)
θ + δ
δ - θ
θ - δ

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Surveying
Which of the following errors is not eliminated by the method of repetition of horizontal angle measurement ?

error due to displacement of station signals
error due to wrong adjustment of line of collimation and trunnion axis
error due to inaccurate graduation
error due to eccentricity of verniers

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