Surveying
If θ and δ be the latitude of an observer and declination of a heavenly body respectively, the upper culmination of the body will be south of zenith if its zenith distance, is

θ + δ
½ (θ - δ)
θ - δ
δ - θ

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Surveying
Refraction correction

adds to the curvature correction
completely eliminates curvature correction
partially eliminates curvature correction
has no effect on curvature correction

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