Surveying
If θ and δ be the latitude of an observer and declination of a heavenly body respectively, the upper culmination of the body will be south of zenith if its zenith distance, is

θ - δ
½ (θ - δ)
θ + δ
δ - θ

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Surveying
Bowditch rule is applied to

an open traverse for graphical adjustment
None of these
determine the effect of local attraction
a closed traverse for adjustment of closing error

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