Plant Structure
If complex III were incorporated into an artificial lipid vesicle in order to demonstrate it's proton translocating ability in isolation, which of the following would be an appropriate electron donor?

Cytochrome c oxidase
Cytochrome c peroxidase
Ubiquinol (UQH2)
Cytochrome c red

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Plant Structure
The mitochondria were known in the nineteenth century to be osmotically active on the basis of evidence that

mitochondria are surrounded by a semi permeable membrane
the mitochondrial matrix is hypertonic to the cellular cytoplasm
the mitochondrial matrix is hypotonic to the cellular cytoplasm
mitochondria were derived from a symbiotic bacterium

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Plant Structure
Why do some redox reactions in cells result in the transfer of electrons from a reductant with a higher standard redox potential to an oxidant with a lower standard redox potential?

Redox potentials are defined under standard conditions, and cellular conditions are typically not standard conditions
Electrons always go from reductants with high redox potentials to oxidants with low redox potentials
None of these
The rules governing oxidation and reduction apply only in vitro, and not in vivo

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Plant Structure
Any system that is not at equilibrium

is thermodynamically unstable, although it may be kinetically stable
is kinetically unstable, although it may be thermodynamically stable
requires an enzyme to reach equilibrium
is rushing toward equilibrium at a very rapid rate

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