Chemical Engineering Plant Economics
If an amount R is paid at the end of every year for 'n' years, then the net present value of the annuity at an interest rate of i is

R[((1 + i)n - 1)/i]
[((1 + i)n - 1)/i(1 + i)n]
R/(1 + i)n
R(1 + i)n

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Chemical Engineering Plant Economics
In a manufacturing industry, break even point occurs, when the

Annual sales equals the fixed cost
Total annual rate of production equals the assigned value
Total annual product cost equals the total annual sales
Annual profit equals the expected value

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