Furnace Technology
Heat transfer rate to the stock/charge in the furnace does not depend upon the

Emissivity of the refactory walls
Thickness of the stock
Use of waste heat recovery equipments
Size of the furance

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Furnace Technology
In practical operation of any furnace, zero oxygen percentage or theoretical CO₂ percentage in flue gas is rarely achieved, because of

Use of excessive positive draft in the furnace
Use of pulverised solid fuels
Use of non-preheated combustion air
Imperfect mixing of fuel & air and infiltration of air

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