Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
Free surface of a liquid behaves like a sheet and tends to contract to smallest possible area due to the

force of diffusion
force of cohesion
force of friction
force of adhesion

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Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
According to Bernoulli’s equation for steady ideal fluid flow

the energy is constant along a stream-line but may vary across streamlines
principle of conservation of mass holds
total energy is constant throughout
velocity and pressure are inversely proportional

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Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
For laminar flow in a pipe of circular cross-section, the Darcy’s friction factor f is

directly proportional to pipe wall roughness and independent of Reynolds number
inversely proportional to Reynolds number and directly proportional to pipe wall roughness
directly proportional to Reynolds number and independent of pipe wall roughness
inversely proportional to Reynolds number and indpendent of pipe wall roughness

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Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
The shear stress distribution for a fluid flowing in between the parallel plates, both at rest, is

parabolic distribution across the section
zero at the mid plane and varies linearly with distance from mid plane
zero at plates and increases linearly to midpoint
constant over the cross section

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