Physics
For accurate scientific work, temperatures are often measured by

Mercury thermometers
Thermoelectric thermometers
Alcohol thermometers
Platinum resistance thermometers

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Physics
Radiocarbon is produced in the atmosphere as a result of

Action of solar radiations particularly cosmic rays on carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere.
Lightning discharge in atmosphere.
Collision between fast neutrons and nitrogen nuclei present in the atmosphere.
Action of ultraviolet light from the sun on atmospheric oxygen.

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