Networks Analysis And Synthesis
For a voltage source

Terminal voltage cannot be higher than source e.m.f.
The source e.m.f. and terminal voltage are equal
None of these
Terminal voltage is always lower than source e.m.f.

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Networks Analysis And Synthesis
In Thevenin’s theorem, to find Z

All independent voltage and current sources are short circuited
All independent voltage sources are open circuited and all independent current sources are short circuited
All independent current sources are short circuited and independent voltage sources are open circuited
All independent voltage sources are short circuited and all independent current sources are open circuited

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