Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The function of a piston rod is

To transfer motion from the piston to the cross head
To guide motion of the piston rod and to prevent it from bending
To exhaust steam from the cylinder at proper moment
To convert heat energy of the steam into mechanical work

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The diagram factor is the ratio of the

Actual mean effective pressure to the theoretical mean effective pressure
Actual workdone per stroke to the theoretical workdone per stroke
Area of the actual indicator diagram to the area of theoretical indicator diagram
Any one of the above

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