System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
None of these
All of these
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
assumes that the black box is independent

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System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and and design is

to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity.
to identify a top level function and then create a hierarchy of lower level modules and components
to prepare flowcharts after programming has been completed
None of these
All of these

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