Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Effective stress is

a physical parameter that can be measured
important because it is a function of engineering properties of soil
All of these
the stress at particles contact

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The major principal stress in an element of cohesion-less soil within the backfill of a retaining wall is

Inclined at 45° to the vertical plane
Vertical if the soil is in an active state of plastic equilibrium
Vertical if the soil is in a passive state of plastic equilibrium
None of these

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