Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Effective stress is

a physical parameter that can be measured
the stress at particles contact
All of these
important because it is a function of engineering properties of soil

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
A cylindrical specimen of saturated soil failed under an axial vertical stress of 100kN/m2 when it was laterally unconfmed. The failure plane was inclined to the horizontal plane at an angle of 45°. The values of cohesion and angle of internal friction for the soil are respectively

0.2 N/mm² and 0°
0.05 N/mm² and 0°
0.05 N/mm² and 45°
0.5 N/mm² and 30°

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