Electrical Machines
Direction of rotation of DC motor is reversed by

 Reversing armature connection or field connection.
 Adding resistance to field circuit.
 Interchanging armature and field connection.
 Reversing supply connection.

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Electrical Machines
The synchronous motor can be started by

  any of the above methods.
  coupling it with a small AC induction motor called the pony motor.
  providing damper winding in its rotor circuit.
  coupling it with a DC compound motor.

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Electrical Machines
DC Motor

  dc shunt with armature resistance control.
  dc series motor.
  dc shunt motor with field weakening.
  dc compound motor.

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