Furnace Technology
Circulation of gases in furnace is caused by the

Difference in density between hot and cold gases
Change in volume during a change of temperature
Furnace pressure in conjunction with draft in flues
All of these

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Furnace Technology
In practical operation of any furnace, zero oxygen percentage or theoretical CO₂ percentage in flue gas is rarely achieved, because of

Use of non-preheated combustion air
Use of excessive positive draft in the furnace
Use of pulverised solid fuels
Imperfect mixing of fuel & air and infiltration of air

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