Fuels and Combustion
Calorific value as determined by bomb calorimeter is the

Lower calorific value at constant pressure
Gross calorific value at constant pressure
Net calorific value at constant volume
Higher calorific value at constant volume

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Fuels and Combustion
Beehive coke oven

Takes 2-3 days for coking of coal but requires no external fuel for heating
Gives larger yield of coke (around 85%) as compared to by-product ovens
Facilitates by-products recovery
Produces coke with very poor strength

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Fuels and Combustion
Producer gas containing least amount of tar is produced by the

Partial combustion of large size (< 50 mm) coke
High pressure gasification of coal (e.g. in Lurgi gasifier)
Atmospheric pressure gasification of coal (e.g., in Kopper-Totzek gasifier)
Partial combustion of coal

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