Chemical Process
Black liquor is converted into white liquor by

Extractive distillation
Selective liquid extraction
Multi-effect evaporation only
Evaporation and burning the concentrate followed by causticisation of products

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Chemical Process
Oils are partially hydrogenated (not fully) to manufacture vanaspati, because fully saturated solidified oils

Always contain some amount of nickel (as their complete removal is very difficult)
Are prone to rancid oxidation
Cause cholesterol build up and blood clotting
Have affinity to retain harmful sulphur compounds

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