Environmental Science
Although the polar regions radiate away more heat energy than they receive by insolation in the course of a year, they are prevented from becoming progressively colder each year by the:

Concentration of earth's magnetic field lines at the poles
The insulating properties of snow
Conduction of heat through the interior of the earth
Release of latent heat to the atmosphere when polar ice melts
Circulation of heat by the atmosphere and oceans

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Environmental Science
The order of succession in a lithosere or xerosere is

Moss stage ->Foilose lichen stage-> Crustose lichen stage ->herb stage->shrub stage->forest stage (climax community)
Foliose lichen stage->Crustose lichen stage->moss stage->herb stage>shrub stage->forest stage (climax community)
Crustose lichen stage->Foilose lichen stage->moss stage->herb stage>shrub stage->forest stage (climax community)
Crustose lichen stage->Foilose lichen stage->moss stage-> ->shrub stage-> herb stage->forest stage (climax community)

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