Machine Design
The cracks in helical springs used in railway carriages usually start on the inner side of the coil because of the fact that

It is more stretched than the outer side during the manufacturing process
It has a lower curvature than the outer side
It is subjected to a higher cyclic loading than the outer side
It is subjected to a higher stress than the outer side

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Machine Design
According to Rankine's theory, the failure occurs at a point in a member

When the maximum shear stress in a biaxial stress system reaches the shear stress at elastic limit in a simple tension test
When the strain energy per unit volume in a biaxial stress system reaches the strain energy at the elastic limit per unit volume as determined from a simple tension test
When the maximum principal strain in a biaxial stress system reaches the strain at the elastic limit as determined from a simple tension test
When the maximum principal stress in a biaxial stress system reaches the elastic limit of the material in a simple tension test

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