Fuels and Combustion
Actual flame temperature is always lower than the adiabatic flame temperature, because there is

Always loss of heat from the flame
No possibility of obtaining complete combustion at high temperature
Both A & B
Neither A nor B

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Fuels and Combustion
Calorific value of

N-paraffin is lower than that of iso-paraffins of the same compounds
Light paraffinic fuel oils is higher than that of equivalent olefins
Light paraffinic fuel oils is lower than that of equivalent olefins
Light paraffinic fuel oils is equal to that of equivalent olefins

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Fuels and Combustion
Sometimes water is sprayed during coal charging in the coke oven, which helps in

Reducing the cracking of hydrocarbons in the gas and increasing the percentage of CO & H₂ in the gas (due to the endothermic reaction represented by C + H₂O = CO + H₂)
All of these
Controlling the dust nuisance while charging the coal
Prevention of clinker formation in the oven

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