Machine Design
According to I.B.R., when the thickness of the boiler shell (t) is less than 8 mm, then the diameter of the rivet hole (d) is obtained by

Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the shearing resistance of the rivets
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the crushing resistance of the rivets
None of these
Equating shearing resistance to the crushing resistance of the rivets

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Machine Design
The cracks in helical springs used in railway carriages usually start on the inner side of the coil because of the fact that

It is subjected to a higher stress than the outer side
It is more stretched than the outer side during the manufacturing process
It has a lower curvature than the outer side
It is subjected to a higher cyclic loading than the outer side

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Machine Design
Turn buckle has

Left hand threads on one end and right hand threads on other end
No threads
Left hand threads on both ends
Right hand threads on bout ends

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