Engineering Thermodynamics
According to Avogadro's Hypothesis

The molecular weights of all the perfect gases occupy the same volume under same conditions of pressure and temperature
Gases have two values of specific heat
The sum of partial pressure of mixture of two gases is sum of the two
Product of the gas constant and the molecular weight of an ideal gas is constant

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Engineering Thermodynamics
Producer gas is obtained by

Passing air and a large amount of steam over waste coal at about 650°C
Passing steam over incandescent coke
Partial combustion of coal, coke, anthracite coal or charcoal in a mixed air steam blast
Carbonization of bituminous coal

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Engineering Thermodynamics
An open system is one in which

Mass crosses the boundary but not the energy
Both energy and mass cross the boundaries of the system
Neither mass nor energy crosses the boundaries of the system
Mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though energy may do so

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