System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
All of these
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
None of these
assumes that the black box is independent

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System Analysis and Design
Top-down programming is

a group of related fields
a series or group of components that perform one or more operations of a more complex system
an approach in which the top module is first tested then program modules are added from the highest level to the lowest level
a map of the programmer's view of the data

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System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and and design is

None of these
All of these
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity.
to identify a top level function and then create a hierarchy of lower level modules and components
to prepare flowcharts after programming has been completed

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System Analysis and Design
In top down analyis and design

all of the listed here
each succeeding phase is more detailed than the phase before it
each succeeding phase is as detailed as the phase before it.
each succeeding phase is less detailed than the phase before it

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