Building Materials
The basic purpose of a retarder in concrete is

To decrease the initial setting time of cement paste in concrete
To improve the workability of concrete mix
To increase the initial setting time of cement paste in concrete
To render the concrete more water tight

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Building Materials
Sapwood consists of

Innermost annular rings around the pith
Thin layers below the bark
Portion of timber between heartwood and cambium layer
Thin fibre which extends from the pith outwards and holds the annular rings together

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