Communication Systems
A three stage telephone switching structure is to have 128 input and 128 output terminals. There are 16 first stage and 16 third stage matrices. To avoid blocking the number of intermediate paths required is

16
15
8
1

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Communication Systems
In Pulse Code Modulation system

Quantising noise can be reduced by decreasing the number of standard levels
Suffers from the disadvantage of its incompatibly with TDM
Large bandwidth is required
Quantising noise can be overcome by companding

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