Physics
A light ray travelling from denser to rarer medium at an angle of incidence more than critical angle of concerned media pair suffers.

Diffraction
Reflection
Refraction
Total internal reflection

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Physics
In a railway track, two rails are joined end to end with a gap in between them because

Accidents due to expansion in summer can be avoided
Steel can be saved
Accidents due to contraction in winter can be avoided
Air-gaps are necessary for bearing the weight of running train

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