Computer Networking
A group of 2m - 1 routers are interconnected in a centralized binary tree, with router at each tree node. Router I communicate with router J by sending a message to the root of the tree. The root then sends the message back down to J. Then find the mean router-router path length.

2 (m - 2)
m - 1
2 (2m - 1)
(2m - l)/mJ

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Computer Networking
CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) is

a method of determining which device has access to the transmission medium at any time
network access standard for connecting stations to a circuit-switched network
a method access control technique for multiple-access transmission media.
None of these
a very common bit-oriented data link protocol issued by ISO.

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