Measurement and Instrumentation
A first order instrument is characterized by

 Static sensitivity and damping coefficient
 Static sensitivity, damping coefficient and natural frequency of oscillations
 Time constant only
 Static sensitivity and time constant

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Measurement and Instrumentation
In DC potentiometer measurments, a second reading is often taken after reversing the polarities of the DC supply and the unknown voltage and the average of the two reading is taken. This is with a view of eliminate the effects of

 Errorneous standardisation.
 Ripples of the DC supply.
  Stray thermal emfs.
 Stray magnetic fields.

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